Shavit In 1991, at the end of the first Gulf War, a populist uprising by the Shi'a (the largest Muslim sect in Iraq) was crushed with brutal force by the Sunni-controlled Baghdad regime. remain nameless), and believes in a recent Creation and a global Flood, got Can the landscape connectivity of the marshes be reestablished to maintain species diversity? N Maltby Marsh restoration has been further complicated by the construction of more than 30 dams and several thousand kilometers of dikes in Iraq during the past 30 years. Eden was not in Iraq. Most scholars put it somewhere in the Middle East, most commonly somewhere by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers where they flow into the Persian Gulf - in other words, Iraq. Hebrew EDEN translates as DELIGHT, whereas Sumerian EDIN translates as a "desert plain" (modern Iraq). Genesis does not give much detail to where the Garden of Eden was. Collectively, our studies indicate that the reflooded portions of the western Al-Hammar at Suq Al-Shuyukh and eastern Al-Hammar have experienced increases in saline conditions but are still well below the concentrations that affect most freshwater species. Clark Tradition has it that the Garden of Eden lay in Iraq, between the Tigris and the Euphrates. Projected future demands for water for agriculture and other human uses are enormous, with estimates of Iraq's water needs close to 95 billion m3 by 2020; however, only 48 billion m3 are estimated to be available after Turkey and Syria complete their dams (Farhan 2005). 3. The other two marshes, Central (also locally known as the Qurna marsh with the largest lakes; figure 1a, site 2) and Al-Hammar (figure 1a, site 3), were virtually destroyed by 2000. Reflooded areas adjacent to Al-Hawizeh, the western area of Al-Hammar, and waterways in the northern and southern parts of the Central marsh are also visible in black. M BK The exact location for Gihon and Pison is unknown. 2005). All numbers are below historic values. We respect your privacy and will keep you up to date with all things Garden of Eden related! (c) False-color image of the remaining Mesopotamian marshlands, taken 2 September 2005, shows in black the areas newly reflooded since the war. Abraham was from Ur, which is in Southern Iraq! Partow Segal 1981) from seven locations in the undrained Central marsh averaged 0.6 ppt (± 0.4), values very similar to our current measurements at Abu Zarag (Richardson et al. Garden of Eden. . Annual rainfall only averages around 10 cm in southern Iraq, while evapotranspiration rates can reach nearly 200 cm (Buringh 1960). 2, The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeast Anatolia Project, An Environmental and Ecological Study of the Marshlands of Mesopotamia: Draft Consultative Bulletin, Wetland Ecosystems Research Group, University of Exeter, On the algal ecology of the lowland Iraqi marshes, An assessment of highway impacts on ecological function in palustrine forested wetlands in the upper coastal plain of North Carolina, The Mesopotamian Marshlands: Demise of an Ecosystem, Division of Early Warning and Assessment, United Nations Environment Programme. al-Saad BA Monitoring is continuing under USAID and international funding to assess the recovery, and additional efforts are now being focused on measuring plant and fish production, changes in water quality, and specific populations of rare and endangered species. press release. The filmscenes are part of a series of travel films taken by Mrs. Georgia Friedrich in the 1970s. If the Garden of Eden had been near the sources of the Tigris and the Euphrates, then it might be located in eastern Anatolia, specifically the Armenian Highland in eastern Turkey. Where was the Garden of Eden located: Turkey, Iraq or India? A This indicates that this marsh has always been more saline than other marsh areas because of tidal influences. place? A Restoring Iraq's Garden of Eden. Two globally vulnerable species, marbled teal ( Marmaronetta angustirostris , left) and Basrah reed warbler ( Acrocephalus griseldis , right), photographed in 2005 in the Iraq marshes by Iraqi nature photographer Al Salim. (d) Al-Sanaf, a seasonal marsh area (N 31°92.491, E 47°12.674) that is used to take overflow water from the Crown of Battles River. Rubec For many generations, researchers have been looking for the Garden of Eden. The water flow was continuous through the year, and it was this flow that kept the salinity concentrations low and prevented the buildup of potentially toxic elements, such as selenium and salts, that was seen in the diked areas of Al-Sanaf (figure 4; Richardson et al. . which has two rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. Neither river could have possibly survived such A survey of the fishermen of the villages (DAI 2004) also indicated that fishing is extremely poor because of the small size of the fish and because Silurus triostegus, a carnivorous catfish species (40 to 55 cm in length) not eaten by the local Shi'a population for religious reasons, can comprise up to 60% (by weight) of the catch. P Many believe the Garden of Eden was located somewhere in the Middle East regions. Marie Nonetheless, some of the former Marsh Arabs do choose to return to the marshes. P We compared their structure and functions with the remaining natural Al-Hawizeh as well as with recorded historical values for Iraqi marshes (Nunnery 1997, Richardson and Nunnery 1998, 2001, Richardson et al. It is imperative that these areas be identified so that the limited water supplies can be used to restore those areas with the most promise for full restoration. I stood with my interpreter, Salar, a local Iraqi journalist. The bird survey in the three marshes in 2004 found a total of 56 species, compared with historical counts of 84 species (Scott 1995). are not the same ones that are in Iraq today?2. The Tower of Babel was in Iraq . . The vast amount of former marsh area prevented us from completing a detailed ecological analysis of all the reflooded sites. Al-Saadi Figure shows an EFA comparison with the historical Al-Hawizeh values, scaled to 100%, for the two restored marshes (Al-Hammar and Suq Al-Shuyukh) and the remaining natural Al-Hawizeh, and a comparison of all marshes with reported historical values from the 1970s and 1980s. They were the permanent habitat for millions of birds and a flyway for millions more migrating between Siberia and Africa (Maltby 1994, Evans 2002). The reflooded Al-Hammar's greater deviation from the natural site was due mainly to higher salinity values (> 187%) from tidal influence, and the community/habitat was apparently not as conducive to bird recolonization, since this marsh had the lowest number of bird species (figures 6, 7). Uncontrolled release of water in many areas is resulting in the return of native plants and animals, including rare and endangered species of birds, mammals, and plants. Although recovery is not so pronounced in some areas because of elevated salinity and toxicity, many locations seem to be functioning at levels close to those of the natural Al-Hawizeh marsh, and even at historic levels in some areas. Axis 1 accounted for 32.2%, axis 2 accounted for 22.1%, and axis 3 accounted for 16.9% of the total variance (not shown). Warner 65. CJ Large differences occur in the physical and chemical characteristics of the natural, diked, drained, and reflooded marsh soils as shown with principal component analysis (PCA; figure 5). DouAbul Your gift helps support the core ministry, our video outreach efforts and much more. What is clear is that water supply alone will not be sufficient to fully restore all the marshes, and thus a goal of management should be to establish a series of marshes with connected habitats (Theobald and Hobbs 2001) of sufficient size to maintain a functioning wetland landscape. Another issue that is not clearly understood by many engineers and water managers is that reflooding does not equal wetland restoration. Still, many serious questions about the potential for restoration remained: What are the problems that could result from uncontrolled reflooding of drained former marshes? T Saeed .ed. Al-Hashash CJ (e) Abu Zarag in February 2004 (N 31°07.583, E 46°37.422). It is said that the garden was planted in “the east”. Erickson Flanagan Given this limitation, we chose metrics best representing the five ecosystem functional categories to give an overall qualitative assessment of marsh functioning. In fact, the exact opposite is indicated. The first three principal component axes were significant, according to the broken-stick eigenvalue test (Legendre and Legendre 1998), and together they accounted for 71% of the variance in the data. EJ J RESEARCHERS believe that they have found the Garden of Eden – and it could lie beneath a world heritage site in Iraq. 1999) and probably reflect the lack of pesticide use in the drained marshes, reduced chemical releases into water bodies during the war, or our limited sampling regime. The question that is always asked is whether the Marsh Arabs are returning to the marshes that have now been reflooded (figures 1c, 3e, 3f). .eds. The highest number of fish species (23), found at Al-Hammar, represented 72% of the historic number (32, including 23 freshwater and 9 estuarine species), and the lowest number (15) were found at Al-Hawizeh (figure 6). Overall, the chemistry data indicate that the soils of the reflooded sites at Abu Zarag and Suq Al-Shuyukh are similar to the natural marsh at Al-Hawizeh, and that Al-Hammar, although slightly more saline, has soils within the natural range of healthy marshes found within Iraq (Richardson et al. Al-Qurnah (or Qurna, meaning connection/joint in Arabic) is a city in southern Iraq about 74 km northwest of Basra, within the town of Nahairat. D Abbreviations: MBC, microbial biomass carbon; Mg, magnesium; NH4, ammonium; NO3, nitrate. rivers had once come out of Eden; today, however, only two major rivers, It should be noted that the historic values we used in our scaling were the weighted averages of the highest rates from a number of marsh studies done before drainage, but we have no way of assessing the exact locations of earlier studies in the marshes. . 3. Levins 2005). The area has seen a rapid recovery of marsh vegetation and algae. Salmin as “mythical” or “fabled,” as if it never really existed). However, our current water chemistry values, when compared with historical surveys completed before drainage in the Al-Hammar marsh (Maulood et al. Mesopotamia, which is now Iraq, was the cradle of civilization! Only 3% of the Central marsh and 14.5% of the Al-Hammar remained. MODIS satellite image courtesy of the United Nations Environment Programme, Iraq Marshlands Observation System. However, the Garden of Eden was not located anywhere in the Middle East. Wiens The marshlands also once served as a natural filter for waste and other pollutants in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, thus protecting the Persian Gulf, which has now become noticeably degraded along the coast of Kuwait (Maltby 1994, Saeed et al. Legendre The red elongated patches along riverbanks are date palms. Many consider Iraq's Mesopotamian marshes —often referred to as the “Garden of Eden”—to have been the cradle of Western civilization (Thesiger 1964, Nicholson and Clark 2002).The word Mesopotamia means “between rivers,” referring to the location between the Tigris and the Euphrates. The largest expanse (approximately 1025 km2) of remaining natural marsh, the Al-Hawizeh, near the Iranian border, is shown in dark red. Zedler Try downloading another browser like Chrome or Firefox. The water from the Iranian project reportedly will be sold to Kuwait, which suffers severe freshwater supply problems. Mayer HA a cataclysmic event. © 2006 American Institute of Biological Sciences, Indigenous Systems of Management for Culturally and Ecologically Resilient Pacific Salmon (, Not All Nitrogen Is Created Equal: Differential Effects of Nitrate and Ammonium Enrichment in Coastal Wetlands, A Research Agenda for Urban Biodiversity in the Global Extinction Crisis, A Call to Action: Marshaling Science for Society. 2005). Thus, our estimates of ecosystem health are less quantitative than a standard EFA. Also, landscape connectivity between marshes is greatly reduced, causing concern about local species extinctions and lower diversity in isolated wetlands. In the EFA method, indicators of ecosystem function are grouped into five ecosystem-level functional categories: hydrologic flux and storage, biological productivity, biogeo-chemical cycling and storage, decomposition, and community/wildlife habitat (Nunnery 1997, Richardson and Nunnery 2001). As a Christianity-defending ministry, Answers in Genesis Gihon, is described in Genesis 2:13 (KJV) to “compasseth the whole land of Maulood The restricted water outflows in the Al-Sanaf, coupled with high regional evapotranspiration rates, have resulted in extremely high ion concentrations, pH, and TDS (table 1), values similar to those measured in highly salinized portions of the Jordan River (Farber et al. Could marsh health be assessed accurately after only two years of reflooding? Isaac's wife Rebekah is from Nahor, which is in Iraq. with the same names flow in Iraq today—are shocked. T by Mark Looy. BA By 2000, 85% of the 8926 square kilometers (km2) of permanent marsh in 1973 marshlands had been destroyed. (a) Marsh Arab fishermen collecting reeds ( Phragmites australis ) in the natural Al-Hawizeh marsh (N 31°38.583, E 47°35.203) near the Iranian border in June 2003. The similarity between Al-Hawizeh and Al-Hammar was 0. From Eden one river flows into four rivers, including the Tigris and Euphrates, these rivers then go outward to become separate rivers, each forming its own head. (6 April 2006), Landscape connectivity: A graph-theoretic perspective, Wildlife in patchy environments: Metapopulations, mosaics, and management, Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation, Return to the Marshes: Life with the Marsh Arabs of Iraq. A 8. The cause for this increase in salinity is unknown, but it probably relates to a rise in salinity in the Euphrates and to increased flux into the water column of ions concentrated in the soil after 10 years of drainage and evaporation. The Garden of Eden was in Iraq . who brought familiar names to their new colonies (e.g., settlers Jacob met Rachel in Iraq . CJ A working example of this approach is the minimum water allocation designated for the marshes in the Everglades to maintain ecosystem functions under the recent Everglades restoration plan (Sklar et al. Scott . Gavrieli Nunnery would have been completely torn apart and reworked, with massive amounts Noah built the ark in Iraq. L Integrating the functional space for each wetland (scaled total area covered for five functions within each polygon shown on figure 7) gives us a rudimentary way to assess the overall recovery of each wetland ecosystem as weighed against historical values. in what is called Iraq today, some Christians—many who may have Most important, would the Marsh Arabs return to live once more in the marshes, given the complexity of resettlement problems? RS After sinning, Adam and Eve were cast out of the Garden … While some will return to their ancient life of buffalo herding, fishing, and hunting, many will not—especially the young. The reflooded eastern Al-Hammar site (figure 3c) had the highest total P, which may be related to sampling at several sites where human and animal waste was released directly into the water column without treatment. 2005). 2. .ed. Coastal fish populations in the Persian Gulf used the marshlands for spawning migrations, and the marshes also served as nursery grounds for penaeid shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis) and numerous marine fish species. (c) The remains of marsh dwellings and cut palm trees in the destroyed section of the Al-Hammar marsh near Basrah known as Qarmat Ali (N 30°39.561, W 47°39.230). The lock downs have created unique challenges for us as we go into 2021. The three main marsh areas are Al-Hawizeh, Central, and Al-Hammar, labeled 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The global Noah’s Flood: a Historical, Global Catastrophe. The remaining Al-Hawizeh was only 35% of its 1977 size of 3076 km2 by 2000 (figure 1b). However, the high volume of good-quality water entering the marshes from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, a result of two record years of snowpack melt in Turkey and Iran, allowed 39% of the former marshes to be reflooded by September 2005. A full comparison of all species surveyed reveals slightly different trends. . In the EFA method, indicators of wetland structure and functions are measured in five ecosystem-level categories: hydro-logic flux and storage, biological productivity, biogeochemical cycling and storage, decomposition, and community/wildlife habitat. Calloway The Garden of Eden (Hebrew: גַּן־עֵדֶן ‎ – gan-ʿḖḏen), also called the Terrestrial Paradise, or simply Paradise, is the biblical "Garden of God" described in the Book of Genesis and the Book of Ezekiel. Modified from Richardson and colleagues (2005). Groundwater sources are highly saline and not useful for drinking or irrigation without expensive treatment (Buringh 1960). Pool Al-Hammar had the highest concentrations of most constituents, which indicates that this reflooded site is more saline and chemically enriched than the other two sites, since it now receives tidal seawater from the Persian Gulf (Richardson et al. The indications of a rise in salinity over historic conditions and a decrease in depth of water clarity in the reflooded marshes are matters of some concern. The loss of these ecologically critical wetlands was of added concern because they were once home to 300,000 to 500,000 indigenous Marsh Arabs (Young 1977, Coast 2002). MI An approach for assessing marsh restoration, Water quality and soil chemistry conditions, Ecological recovery of native flora and fauna, A functional assessment of ecosystem restoration, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[477:RTGOEA]2.0.CO;2, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright © 2020 American Institute of Biological Sciences. 2005), revealed an increase in conductivity (240%), TDS (140%), Na+1 (170%), magnesium (Mg+2; 158%), calcium (Ca+2; 240%), chlorine (Cl−1; 160%) and bicarbonate (HCO3−; 180%) in the Suq Al-Shuyukh region during the past 20 years (Richardson et al.2005). of erosion and tremendous thicknesses of sediment laid down. These conditions are complex in nature. 2005). If Christians would accept the straightforward historical When asked why they returned, they simply stated that they had no other place to go and that the marsh provides some protection and food. Iraq's Biblical Garden of Eden Destroyed By Saddam Hussein, Now World Heritage Site. Further measurements of salinity in the lower Al-Hammar indicated that current values there were close to the historic averages of 1.7 ppt that were measured when the tides were still allowed to flow, before the destruction of the marsh under Saddam Hussein's regime (Hussain 1992). This is not unexpected, given the recent reflooding of wetlands that had been drained for over a decade. One year after reflooding, species recovery was occurring in all three former marshland sites (Abu Zarag, Al-Hammar, and Suq Al-Shuyukh), but with varying degrees of success and at different successional rates (Richardson et al. It was especially employed by colonizing countries FM NA . AJ However, the future availability of water for restoration is in question, which suggests that only a portion of the former marshes may be restored. account of a worldwide Flood (Genesis 6-8), they could not say that the Tigris/Euphrates Rivers and the The exact location of the Eden of scripture is and will probably always remain an elusive mystery which is the subject of countless theories. the region of Ararat to the plain of Shinar (the area known as Sumeria/Babylonia), Al-Rekabi The Savior Of Iraq’s Garden Of Eden Says He Knows How To Stop The Next Big War Azzam Alwash helped bring the country's ancient marshlands back from the brink. B FH The highest Jaccard similarity was found between Al-Hawizeh and Suq Al-Shuyukh (CJ = 0.41). It has been suggested that an ecosystem with an EFA within 20% of a reference system for all indicators is functioning within its normal range (Nunnery 1997). 1988, Saeed et al. Can the Marsh Arab culture ever be reestablished in any significant way in the restored marshes? Moreover, many of the former Marsh Arabs are now successfully farming on the edge of the marshes. cannot be the same as those in Genesis 2. Farber 2005). DA ik/334-unep/142. An Iraqi engineer from the Ministry of Water Resources is viewing the cracked and desiccated marsh soil adjacent to a dried-out streambed. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Historical values are from Hussain (1992) for water chemistry and oxygen, from Al-Hilli (1977) for macrophyte production, and from Scott (1995) for birds. Sampling sites: A, Al-Hawizeh; B, Central; C, Al-Hammar; D, Al-Sanaf; E, Abu Zarag; F, Suq Al-Shuyukh. 2004). MB Mesopotamia, which is now Iraq, was the cradle of civilization! Second, the reflooded marshes are on the road to restoration but, as expected, have not reached full wetland functioning in less than two full growing seasons. KT 24 march 2003 An ecosystem functional assessment (EFA) utilizing selected indicators of five wetland functions: (1) production (Phragmites australis aboveground production, in grams per square meter), (2) decomposition/redox status (milligrams of oxygen per liter), (3) hydrologic function (water transparency, or depth of clear water in centimeters), (4) biogeochemistry (salinity, measured as conductivity in millisiemens per centimeter), and community/habitat (bird species number). King Mahamed The marshes were also once famous for their biodiversity and cultural richness. However, restoration may be difficult in some localized areas, because soil conditions and water quality in the drained and diked (as compared with the reflooded and natural) marshes clearly demonstrated massive shifts in ion chemistry and structure. Many consider Iraq's Mesopotamian marshes(figure 1a)—often referred to as the “Garden of Eden”—to have been the cradle of Western civilization (Thesiger 1964, Nicholson and Clark 2002). Analyses of surface water and soils for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) showed no detectable concentrations of any of these xenobiotics (Richardson et al. The word Mesopotamia means “between rivers,” referring to the location between the Tigris and the Euphrates. RW . H Summary information on birds from CIDA's Canadian—Iraq Marshlands Initiative project was provided by Mudhafar Salmin. The EFA analysis revealed that Suq Al-Shuyukh has nearly recovered all its key functions when compared with the remaining natural Al-Hawizeh marsh (e.g., Phragmites plant production was 83% of that at Al-Hawizeh, and a crude index of decomposition/redox status as indicated by oxygen in the water column was 93% of the value at the natural marsh), whereas Al-Hammar has severely reduced water transparency (41% of Al-Hawizeh levels) and lower numbers of bird species (45% of the number at Al-Hawizeh; figure 7). 7. In contrast, measured salinities in 1981 (Maulood et al. Buringh Many thanks go to Peter Reiss, who headed the DAI program in Iraq, and Ali Farhan, who administers the marsh program in Iraq. 2005). AD Some biblical scholars believe the Garden of Eden was located in Sumer where the Euphrates and Tigris rivers merge. DouAbul 2005). From 2003 until 2005, we monitored water quality, water depth and transparency, soil chemistry conditions, and ecological indicators of plant and algal productivity, and we surveyed the numbers and species of birds, fish, and macroinvertebrate populations. His research has focused on wetland restoration and on wetlands as nutrient sinks and transformers. 2, the Tigris River is called “Hiddekel” in the King James Version of the Since March 2003, when US forces and 29 allies invaded Iraq to topple the regime of dictator Saddam Hussein, both secular and Christian media outlets have frequently declared that Iraq is the location of the biblical Garden of Eden. A canal known as the Glory River (shown as a straight line across the top and down the east side of the Central marsh), constructed in 1993, completely dried up the Central marsh by stopping water inflow from the Tigris River. Importantly, selenium concentrations were extremely low in all the restored marshes and were within the Environmental Protection Agency—recommended water quality criterion of 5 micrograms per liter (Lemly 1985, 1993, 1999, Richardson et al. Flood would have been so catastrophic, that the world before the Flood These findings are in contrast to earlier reports of higher chemical pollution in the marshes and rivers (DouAbul et al. Keitt NT GCF When asked if they want the marshes back for fishing and hunting, they answer yes, but not if their farms and homes are flooded (DAI 2004). For the first time in their lives, many are making a meager living by farming wheat, rice, and barley (DAI 2004). Over 100 species of macroinvertebrates were found in the three marshes, and surveys indicate the presence of the main species of arthropods (including crustacea) and mollusks reported in the past (Hussain 1992, Scott 1995), with numbers of individuals per unit area 1.5 times greater at the open-water Suq Al-Shuyukh sites than at the densely vegetated Al-Hawizeh (Richardson et al. some knowledge of Genesis 2:10–14 and its reference to the Tigris1 Young Such a naming pattern Imagined situation of the Garden of Eden, in this case, in Mesopotamia, just east of Babylon. The first assessment of the status of the marshes was done almost immediately after the fall of Baghdad in June 2003 by a team of US scientists, who found that massive but uncoordinated reflooding of the marshes was occurring (Richardson et al. location under piles of sediment can never be known.3 For that by Henry de Roos, AiG-Canada. In March 2004, fishermen reported to us that their livelihood from fishing at that time was very poor, but conditions improved slightly by the summer of 2005. For example, many areas of the marshes were severely burned after drainage. In Iraq, the Center for Restoration of Iraqi Marshes will need to work closely with all the ministries, especially the Ministry of Water Resources and the Ministry of Agriculture, to maintain future water supplies for the marshes. By 2000 ( figure 1a ; Al-Hilli 1977 ) of marsh vegetation and algae, 2016 05:32 EDT! Will be sold to Kuwait, which was slightly more than half the total identified... The 15,000 km2 of the College of Science, University of Basrah data., then and now, run on top of huge thicknesses of Flood-deposited layers of rock saline not... Marshes had been destroyed, E 47°09.033 ) in June 2003 ministry dedicated! Was believed to be the Biblical Garden of Eden was located in Sumer where the Garden of ''. 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Half the total species identified marshes appear as grayish-brown patches, indicating dead marsh vegetation or low shrubs. The drained marshes appear as grayish-brown patches, indicating dead marsh vegetation algae... From Ur, which suffers severe freshwater supply problems area ( modern-day )... Our ability to use long-term indicators % of its 1977 size of 3076 km2 by 2000 ( 4! Will return to the marshes Al-Ghandban N Al-Shemmari H Al-Mutair M Al-Hashash H ceased to exist—it perished as... Reliable historical quantitative records exist for these organisms, can not be the same ones that are contrast! Fishing, and hunting, many will not—especially the young the Al-Hammar marsh Maulood. Annual subscription rabbi, even political overtones Genesis are not the same ones that are in Iraq quality at river! Of all species surveyed reveals slightly different trends the Central marsh still retained the highest organic. Was only 35 % of the marsh Arab culture is in jeopardy, given the competition for among. Region on edge ( yellow line ) be employed to preserve Iraq 's Biblical Garden of Eden related DouAbul. H Al-Mutair M Al-Hashash H rapid recovery of marsh vegetation demands on water quality at selected and! Isolated wetlands provided by Mudhafar Salmin garden of eden iraq either in person or by phone or mail. Than 80 bird species were found in Al-Hammar ( figure 4 ) these rivers mentioned in Genesis 2, thus... Strong ’ s: by dikes and canals scientists and graduate students at the point! That the topography in and around Eden was located in garden of eden iraq Middle east regions Writer Jul 18 2016... To an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription 1b ), despite the of...